Final answer:
William of Ockham is the logician who gave his name to "Ockham's razor" and argued that church beliefs could not be proven logically.
Step-by-step explanation:
The logician who gave his name to a "razor" and was an Oxford professor asserting that church beliefs could not be proven logically was William of Ockham. Ockham's razor is a principle that suggests when presented with competing hypothetical answers to a problem, one should select the one that makes the fewest assumptions. This tool is invaluable in logical reasoning, especially when distinguishing between necessity and mere belief. While Thomas Aquinas was indeed a pivotal figure in religious and philosophical thought during his period, and his work laid much groundwork for subsequent theological logic, it is William of Ockham who is directly associated with this specific principle in logic.