Final answer:
The cell cycle stage with prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase is called mitosis, where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells, with the final separation of the cytoplasm occurring in cytokinesis.
Step-by-step explanation:
The part of the cell cycle comprised of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase is known as mitosis. Mitosis is a key process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. Prophase is the stage where chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle starts to form. Metaphase follows, characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the cell's equator.
Next, during anaphase, the sister chromatids are separated and pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell. Finally, telophase sees the formation of the nuclear envelope around the separated chromosomes. This mitotic phase culminates in cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm and completes the formation of two distinct cells.