Question

Explain the four steps in the chemical process of permanent waving.

Answer 1

The four steps in the chemical process of permanent waving are: reduction of disulfide bonds, wrapping the hair, applying the waving lotion, and neutralizing the hair.

Step-by-step explanation:

The four steps in the chemical process of permanent waving are as follows:

1. Step 1: Reduction of disulfide bonds - A reducing substance, such as ammonium thioglycolate, is added to the hair to reduce and rupture some of the disulfide cross-links. This step prepares the hair for the formation of new bonds.
2. Step 2: Wrapping the hair - The hair is wrapped around forms to create the desired hairstyle. This step helps in shaping the hair and determining the type of curl or wave.
3. Step 3: Applying the waving lotion - The waving lotion, which contains a reducing agent, is applied to the wrapped hair. It further breaks down the disulfide bonds in the hair and allows for the reshaping of the hair strands.
4. Step 4: Neutralizing the hair - After the desired amount of time, the waving lotion is rinsed out and a neutralizing solution is applied. The neutralizing solution helps to reform the disulfide bonds in their new shape, setting the curls or waves.