Final answer:
The historical mode of manufacture described by Carnegie refers to the shift from handmade products produced by skilled artisans to mechanized production in factories during the Industrial Revolution.
Step-by-step explanation:
The historical mode of manufacture, as described by Carnegie, refers to the shift from handmade products produced by skilled artisans to the mechanized production of goods in factories. This mode of manufacture emerged during the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries, where water power and later steam were used to drive machines and centralize production within mills. This shift led to the deskilling of tasks and the introduction of wage labor, as workers performed specialized, repetitive tasks in exchange for wages.