Final answer:
Sir Isaac Newton is the scientist who studied rainbows and developed the laws of refraction. He discovered that sunlight is composed of all the colors of the rainbow and made significant contributions to optics and the laws of motion.
Step-by-step explanation:
The philosopher, scientist, and mathematician who developed laws of refraction through studying rainbows is Sir Isaac Newton. In 1672, Newton conducted experiments where he allowed sunlight to pass through a prism, which led to his discovery that white sunlight is composed of a spectrum of colors, resembling a rainbow. This work, along with his monumental publication 'Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica' in 1687, where he laid out scientific laws, showcased his vital contributions to the field of optics, among other areas like calculus and the laws of motion. His study of light and color, as well as his laws of refraction, played a substantial role in the advancement of optics during the Scientific Revolution.