Final Answer:
Castle and Little's results are significantly different from a 3:1 ratio, but not from a 2:1 ratio.
Step-by-step explanation:
To determine whether Castle and Little's results are significantly different from a 3:1 ratio, a statistical analysis comparing the observed ratios to the expected 3:1 ratio is necessary. This involves conducting a hypothesis test, such as a chi-square test, to assess the significance of the difference. The test would provide a p-value, and if it is below a chosen significance level (e.g., 0.05), it indicates a significant difference.
For the 2:1 ratio, a similar analysis is conducted. The observed ratios are compared to the expected 2:1 ratio using a relevant statistical test. The p-value obtained from this test would indicate whether Castle and Little's results differ significantly from a 2:1 ratio. If the p-value is above the significance level, it suggests no significant difference.
It's crucial to interpret the results in the context of the specific study and the chosen significance level. Statistical tests provide a quantitative measure of the evidence against a particular ratio, helping researchers draw meaningful conclusions about the observed data.