Final answer:
The physical quantity typically measured using a Vernier caliper is length. Vernier calipers measure internal and external sizes with high accuracy, unlike instruments for mass, temperature, or time.
Step-by-step explanation:
The physical quantity that is typically measured using a Vernier caliper is A. Length. Vernier calipers are precision instruments used for measuring internal and external distances extremely accurately. The device consists of a ruler with a sliding secondary scale that allows users to read measurements to a fraction of a millimeter or inch. These measurements are then expressed in terms of a number and a unit to convey the quantity of length being measured.
Mass is typically measured using a balance or scale, temperature is measured with thermometers, and time is gauged through devices like clocks or stopwatches. The Vernier caliper is distinct from these other measuring tools as it is specifically designed to quantify dimensions.