Final answer:
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks peripheral nerves, often following certain bacterial or viral infections. It leads to symptoms ranging from muscle weakness to complete paralysis. In a patient's history, it is important to look for signs of recent infections that may have triggered the syndrome.
Step-by-step explanation:
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the body's immune system mistakenly attacking the peripheral nerves, damaging the myelin sheath which affects the transmission of nerve signals. This can result in muscle weakness, paralysis, and sensory disturbances. As a demyelinating disease, sensory symptoms or motor deficits are common features of GBS, and individuals may experience autonomic failures leading to changes in heart rhythm or a drop in blood pressure, which can cause dizziness when standing.
A history of bacterial or viral infection is a common precursor to GBS. Specifically, infections such as those caused by Campylobacter jejuni (the most common risk factor), cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, varicella-zoster virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Zika virus have been associated with the syndrome. In reviewing the patient's history, one should look for recent infections or symptoms that indicate a prior infection, which could have preceded the onset of GBS.
The symptoms of GBS typically increase in intensity over several weeks, potentially leading to complete paralysis. In the intensive care unit, management often involves supporting respiratory function, as some patients may require mechanical ventilation, as in the case of the 45-year-old poultry farmer on a respirator who was admitted.