Final answer:
Temporal and spatial successional changes can be predicted using spatiotemporal modeling approaches in the field of biology. These models take into account species responses and landscape heterogeneity to understand how ecosystems change over time and space.
Step-by-step explanation:
Temporal and spatial successional changes can be predicted using spatiotemporal modeling approaches in the field of biology. These models take into account species responses and landscape heterogeneity to understand how ecosystems change over time and space.
For example, individual-based models (IBMs), stochastic dynamic models (StDM), statistical species distribution models (SDMs), and complex cellular automata models (CA) coupled with geographic information systems (GIS) are some of the spatiotemporal modeling approaches used to predict successional changes.By studying case samples of prominent biological invasions, we can gain insights into the concepts, requirements, and potential outcomes of these modeling approaches, helping ecologists and conservation biologists select the right tools for their research.