Final answer:
The virtue that guides us to give God and others their due is known as justice. Benjamin Franklin did not include mercy in his thirteen virtues. Carol Gilligan believed earlier morality researchers overlooked the sympathetic reactions to moral situations.
Step-by-step explanation:
The virtue that guides us to give God and others what is due to them is known as justice. Justice is a fundamental moral principle in social life that refers to the fair and equitable distribution of benefits and burdens, the fair treatment of individuals, and the maintenance of what is right.
When reviewing Franklin's list of virtues, mercy is not listed among them. Benjamin Franklin's thirteen virtues are meant to guide moral conduct and personal improvement and include sincerity, temperance, and tranquility among others.
Carol Gilligan criticized earlier research in moral development for overlooking what she termed the 'ethic of care'. She believed these studies primarily focused on the justice perspective, thereby missing the importance of sympathetic reactions to moral situations in the understanding of human morality.