Final answer:
Scholars refer to the ancient civilizations of Greece and Mesopotamia when exploring early science, which included advancements in writing, math, engineering, and astronomy.
Step-by-step explanation:
When determining facts in regards to early science, scholars often refer to the ancient civilizations of Greece and Mesopotamia. These civilizations developed various aspects of science and the arts, including writing, mathematics, engineering, and astronomy. Greek scholars like Thales of Miletus and his students contributed significantly to natural philosophy and the understanding of natural forces without the interference of divine explanations. They offered theories based on observation, such as the concept of the earth floating on water or using shadows to measure the height of structures like the Egyptian pyramids.
Meanwhile, the Mesopotamians created advanced star charts, invented the 360-degree system for measuring angles in geometry, developed a timekeeping system using a 60-second minute, and established a complex arithmetic system. Their achievements in engineering can be seen in structures like ziggurats and irrigation systems. Together, these civilizations laid down the foundations for many scientific principles and techniques still in use today.