Final answer:
In cold temperatures, the warm moist air from a horse's lungs cools suddenly when it reaches the cold outside air, causing the water vapor in the breath to condense. This can be observed as condensation or fog.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer is d. All of the above. In cold temperatures, when a horse exhales, the warm moist air from its lungs cools suddenly when it reaches the cold outside air. This causes the water vapor in the breath to condense, forming tiny droplets of liquid water that appear as a fog or steam. This observation can be explained using the relationship between temperature, pressure, and volume of gas. As the temperature decreases, the volume of the gas decreases, and the pressure may also change. Therefore, by observing the condensation from the horse's breath and understanding the principles of gas behavior in cold temperatures, we can notice changes in the volume and pressure of exhaled air.