Final answer:
Ecosystems must exhibit autonomy, interdependency among components, and have a source of energy, so the correct choice is d) All of the above.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to the ecosystem concept, ecosystems must have certain attributes, and the answer to the question is d) All of the above. This includes a) some degree of autonomy, which means the ecosystem can function on its own to a certain extent. It also involves b) interdependency among components, where biotic and abiotic factors interact and depend on each other for the survival and function of the ecosystem. Lastly, c) a source of energy is crucial, as energy is required for the metabolic processes of living organisms within the ecosystem. Sunlight is the primary source for most ecosystems, but others, like hydrothermal vent ecosystems, rely on chemical compounds.