Final answer:
The Management by Objectives system works best in stable environments that allow for long-term planning, but it can be challenged by short political election cycles. Authoritarian governments may execute it more efficiently due to their ability to plan over longer periods and enforce long-term goals.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Management by Objectives (MBO) system is most effective in stable situations that allow for long-range planning. This system requires setting specific, measurable objectives that are agreed upon by management and employees, and which can be reviewed and adjusted over time. In environments such as governmental organizations, where long-term planning is essential to the health and viability of a country, MBO can be very useful. However, these organizations may be impacted by short election cycles, with terms of 2, 4, or 6 years, which can disrupt long-term objectives. Authoritarian governments might not face this issue as much, as they can plan over longer periods and can implement policies to achieve long-term goals, often with a focus on increasing the country's fortunes and survival rather than global peace and prosperity.