Final answer:
Voluntary organizations are formed based on shared interests and membership is voluntary. Reform efforts aim to bring about changes in society.
Step-by-step explanation:
Voluntary organizations, also known as normative organizations, are formed based on shared interests and membership is voluntary. These organizations provide non-material benefits to their members. Examples of voluntary organizations include the Audubon Society and ski clubs.
Reform efforts have been made to bring about changes in society. Reform movements aim to change private behaviors and pressure governments to make broader changes. These efforts have been successful in some cases, such as making prostitution illegal in certain cities.
Religious institutions have also played a role in reform efforts. The social gospel movement, which applied Christian ethics to society, focused on charity and justice. The settlement movement, where reformers lived in poor neighborhoods to provide social services, was a part of this movement.