Final answer:
Executive functions refer to cognitive processes that control behavior, attention, goal setting, and response to stimuli; they are essential for adaptability and goal-directed behavior.
Step-by-step explanation:
The set of cognitive processes involved in intentionally controlling our own behavior, determining what we pay attention to, setting goals, and choosing our responses to stimuli is called executive functions. Executive functions include a range of processes such as planning, working memory, attention, problem solving, verbal reasoning, inhibition, mental flexibility, task switching, and initiation and monitoring of actions. These functions are crucial for goal-directed behavior and adaptability to new and complex situations. They are often compared to the role of a chief executive officer of a company who must manage various departments and ensure that the organization's goals are met effectively and efficiently.