Final answer:
The scientifically confirmed reason for a lie is not altruistic motives.
Step-by-step explanation:
The scientifically confirmed reason for a lie: c) Altruistic Motives
The other options are scientifically confirmed reasons that individuals lie:
- a) Social Pressure: Individuals may lie in order to conform to social norms or avoid social disapproval.
- b) Fear of Punishment: Individuals may lie to avoid punishment or negative consequences.
- d) Personal Gain: Individuals may lie to benefit themselves or gain an advantage.
In contrast, altruistic motives involve lying to benefit others. However, this reason is not scientifically confirmed as a typical motive for lying.