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The theory of island biogeography was proposed in the 1960s by ecologists Robert MacArthur and Edward Wilson to explain the richness of species on islands.
This theory has as main idea to base the relation wealth of species by area, that had been discussed by many biologists at that time. MacArthur and Wilson believed that in isolated environments such as oceanic islands, species richness is determined by a balance between immigration and emigration, but immigration and emigration rates vary by island size and distance to the continent.
Currently, the theory is applied not only to oceanic islands, but also to any habitat that is isolated by an environment unsuited to the present species, such as insular lakes, caves, mountain peaks isolated by plains, forest fragments isolated by deforested areas.