The question ("John Smith was born in Phoenix, Arizona, in the United States and has lived there his entire life. According to the 14th Amendment, Mr. Smith is a citizen of the (fill in the gap)" can be rephrased as: 1) are people born in the US citizens of the US - yes, they are ! (so we reject option a) immediately 2) are people residing in a state a citizen of that state - yes they are! (so option C is the correct one. 3) can people be citizens of a city - no, this is not the case, cities are to small to hand out citizenship.