Question

How did ancient African cultures adapt to their harsh environments and establish powerful kingdoms?

Answer 1

By adapting to their environment and get all their resources that is needed to survive. For example, there are droughts in Africa. So, they need to collect as much water as they can. 

Answer 2

How did ancient African cultures adapt to their harsh environments and establish powerful kingdoms?

They had different climates and natural resources of Africa which gave them opportunities for developing many different lifestyles. Around 500 b.c., the people of West Africa had iron-making technology which helped a lot in many different ways.