Question

If the Earth were closer to the Sun, the intense heat might evaporate the oceans and create an atmosphere similar to the atmosphere of

Answer 1

The answer you are looking for is "Venus". The planet has a dense atmosphere of CO2,which has produced a runaway greenhouse effect.

When the Earth ocean evaporate, as in the scenario, all of the dissolved CO2 will be liberated and end up in the atmosphere as well, giving us a Venus like greenhouse.

Hope you found this helpful :)