Question

By ad 800, __________ had established a powerful kingdom encompassing modern-day france, northern spain, northern italy, and western germany.

Answer 1

Charlemagne. Charlemagne united many parts of western Europe into a kingdom called the Holy Roman Empire. He brought about a small renaissance during the middle ages that did not last long after his rule. He was able to unite much of Europe after the fall of the Roman empire, but it soon fractured again after his death.