The correct answer is C. Body paragraph
Step-by-step explanation:
An argumentative essay is an academical paper that has the purpose of developing and supporting the position of the author towards some subject, topic or situation. Because of this the essay is divided in the introduction which presents the topic and the position of the author (thesis statement), a set of body paragraphs each with a reason or idea that supports the thesis statement including examples, statistics, reference to studies and other evidence and a conclusion paragraph that re-states the ideas presented in the essay and provide final ideas. Additionally, essays can include counterclaims which are sentence against the thesis statement the author uses to strengthen the argument.
Considering the argumentative essay is about restriction of high-sugar foods (thesis statement) the sentence "consuming too much sugar over time can lead to diabetes and cardiovascular disease" should be placed in the body paragraphs as this is a reason that supports the thesis statement and therefore with further evidence and development help the author prove the main claim or thesis during the development of the text or body paragraphs.