Question

A personality disorder is defined as a disorder characterized by impairments in identity, in personality traits, and in ____.​

a. ​the need for excitement
b. ​the inhibition of impulsivity
c. ​levels of deceit and manipulation
d. ​the establishment of empathy or intimacy

Answer 1

A personality disorder is defined as a disorder characterized by impairments in identity, in personality traits, and in "​the establishment of empathy or intimacy"

Step-by-step explanation:

The basic concept of a personality disorder is an unhealthy behavioral pattern a person has when she or he interacts with himself or someone else. Now to different personality traits than a personality disorder, personality traits are different characteristic patterns a person can have in all her personality dimensions. But this doesn't affect her or his lifestyle, they are only characteristic behavior patterns they perform to live. Instead, a personality disorder affects his or her life and the life of everyone surrounding her or him. Thus, the way a subject with a personality behavior intimates or empathize with someone else affects his or her life and the person they interact with.

Answer 2

I believe the answer is: D. the establishment of empathy or intimacy

It is very common for people to form a meaningful relationship with other people due to their inability to establish the feeling of empathy or intimacy.
This tend to make them perceived as an outcast or even a danger to society in some situations.