The right option is; c. volcano
Volcano would most likely be a cause of primary succession.
Primary succession is the first stage of development of an ecosystem which usually occurs after a disastrous event has destroyed all the organisms that lived in the area. Primary succession is usually caused by devastating events such as volcano, flood, fire, and erosion. A volcano is vent or fissure on the surface of the earth that periodically release volcanic ash, hot lava and gases from a magma chamber under the surface. Erupting volcanoes can cause many hazards.