Question

Which movement, whose development paralleled but was essentially independent of realism, based its aesthetics on nature, particularly on humanity's place in the (darwinian) environment?

Answer 1

I believe the answer is: Naturalism
Naturalism refers to the principle that believe that natural forces are the only one that exist and operates in our world.
Naturalism faced a direct confrontation with many religious groups because naturalists conveyed that the belief held by religious groups on how things happen in our nature are bogus.