During the 20th century, various groups used terrorism as a tool for advancing their ideologies and agendas. Such groups included nationalist movements like those seen in Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, these early police states were unknowingly using many practices associated with terrorism including massive police surveillance systems, fear and informing networks, and the use of torture. Technological advancements of the 20th century also made terrorism a more attractive tactic for revolutionary or anarchist entities, the threat nuclear weapons and the use of chemical weapons have proven effective tactics of terrorist groups.