Question

was the church an aggressor or a victim in the late middle ages and the renaissance? How successful was it in its confrontations with Europe's emerging dynastic states

Answer 1

In the late middle ages and the renaissance, the church acted as both the aggressor and victim when confronted with Europe's emerging dynastic states. It acted as a catalyst for confrontations by trying to overly exert its power as a societal structure, yet also suffered from the emergence of secularism.