Answer:
D. Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness
Step-by-step explanation:
The answer is entropy. It is the method to measure any disorder or randomness of any system. Basically it is concept of physics and chemistry but can also be used in other subject matters as well. In formula terms, it is denoted by S and is measurement value is "Joule per kelvin". The values could be both positive and negative as well.
All the other options are incorrect as heat, energy and temperature are the different concepts of science which do not relates with any measurement.