Many scientists support the phenomenon of "obeseogens", industrial pollutants and chemicals found in plastics, food packaging, pesticides, and cosmetics, that contribute to obesity by promoting adipogenesis (increase in number of fat cells) in various organs. This would increase the overall incidence of cancer, because dysfunctional adipose tissue:
a. down-regulates anti-inflammatory molecules such as adiponectin
b. mimics a low grade chronic inflammatory state with pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic signaling
c. up-regulates molecules associated with invasion and metastasis such as PAi-1.
d. mimics a hypoxic state, with upregulation of growth factor and growth factor receptor expression that promote angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodelling
e. all of the above