Question

Joan owns a citrus tree farm near Mesa, Arizona. Joan and her family have fertilized the trees each spring for 52 years. The irrigation for the trees carries the fertilizer remnants into the Salt River. When EPA investigators discover the fertilizer in the Salt River and trace the unique brand to Joan, they indict her for violation of the Clean Water Act, for the discharge of a substance into a waterway. Joan responds, "I didn’t know there was fertilizer. I was just letting water flow." Which of the following is true of Joan?a. Joan can escape criminal liability by claiming ignorance of the law.b. Joan has sufficient actus reas for the crime.c. Joan can raise the defense that she did not knowingly discharge fertilizer into the waterway.d. Joan has sufficient mens rea for the crime.

Answer 1

C. Joan can raise the defense that she did not knowingly discharge fertilizer into the waterway

Step-by-step explanation: